變頻器在使用中產生諧波幹擾及其危害分析

變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)構(gou)成(cheng)有(you)四(si)部(bu)分(fen)整(zheng)流(liu)部(bu)分(fen)中(zhong)間(jian)直(zhi)流(liu)環(huan)節(jie)逆(ni)變(bian)部(bu)分(fen)和(he)控(kong)製(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)。變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)的(de)輸(shu)入(ru)側(ce)為(wei)整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)路(lu)，它(ta)具(ju)有(you)非(fei)線(xian)性(xing)特(te)性(xing)，因(yin)此(ci)不(bu)可(ke)避(bi)免(mian)地(di)要(yao)產(chan)生(sheng)高(gao)次(ci)諧(xie)波(bo)。

一般來講，若整流電路為m個三相橋式整流電路構成的6m相整流電路，其電源側電流將含有6m±1次諧波(m=l
、2、3、……)
，當變頻器接入電源時這些高次諧波將會汙染電源通;通用變頻器的輸出側的逆變部分多采用正弦脈衝寬度調製方式
，即SPWM方式。這種調製方式雖輸出側的諧波分量較其它控製方式大為減少但仍含有高次諧波分量。這些諧波會對電氣設備
、電子設中間直流環節.逆變部分及控製部分過熱問題，究其原因實質上就是變頻器產生某一次諧波激起了電容器與其他部分構成的諧振回路的諧振。

duichanggongyongdianxitongdeshebeiyingxiangjiweihaibianpinqichanshengdexieboduichangyonggongdianxitongdebianshudianshebeiyongdianshebeiceliangyibiaodeyingxiangjiweihaijutijianbiaotubianpinqidegouchengbeitongxunsheshichanshengganrao，shiqigongzuobuzhengchanghuowufagongzuobianpinqichanshengdexieboganraojiqiweihaiyouyubianpinqizaiyingyongzhonghuichanshengxiebo
，zhexiexiebohuiduidianlixitongbianshudianshebeiyongdianshebeiceliangyibiaotongxunsheshichanshengganrao，shitamengongzuobuzhengchanghuowufagongzuo。

下麵從工廠企業用電的角度就變頻器在使用中產生的諧波幹擾及其危害加以分析說明。

對廠用供電係統的影響及危害對工廠企業來說，其供電係統由變壓器輸電線路變電所設備(如開關母線等)用電設備(如電動機等)等構成，其中輸電線路對石化企業來說多為電力電纜。

zhegexitongzirancunzaifenbudianrong，tongshiweitigaochangyonggongdianxitongdegonglvyinshu，yibanhaizhuangyouyongyuwugongbuchangdedianrongqi，zhexiedianrongjiuhuiyuxitongdeqitabufen(多為感性電路構成某一諧振頻率的串聯或並聯諧振電路。

erjierugaigongdianxitongdebianpinqiganghaoshiyigexieboyuan，dangbianpinqichanshengdemouyicixiebodepinlvyushangshuchuanlianhuobinglianxiezhendianludexiezhenpinlvxiangdenghuoxiangjiejinshi，xitongjiuhuichuxianxiezhen
，xiezhenhuidailaiweixiandeguodianyaheguoliu
，shiyongdianshebeiguzhanghuoweihaiqianquanyunxing。

比(bi)如(ru)某(mou)廠(chang)曾(zeng)出(chu)現(xian)過(guo)變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)投(tou)入(ru)後(hou)引(yin)起(qi)接(jie)在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)母(mu)線(xian)上(shang)的(de)補(bu)償(chang)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)出(chu)現(xian)過(guo)流(liu)抗(kang)幹(gan)擾(rao)對(dui)策(ce)通(tong)過(guo)上(shang)述(shu)分(fen)析(xi)可(ke)知(zhi)
，變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)會(hui)產(chan)生(sheng)各(ge)種(zhong)諧(xie)波(bo)，這(zhe)些(xie)諧(xie)波(bo)會(hui)對(dui)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)或(huo)相(xiang)鄰(lin)的(de)電(dian)氣(qi)電(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)測(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)表(biao)產(chan)生(sheng)各(ge)種(zhong)幹(gan)擾(rao)，影(ying)響(xiang)它(ta)們(men)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)，比(bi)如(ru)發(fa)熱(re)誤(wu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)誤(wu)動(dong)作(zuo)，測(ce)量(liang)表(biao)計(ji)測(ce)量(liang)不(bu)準(zhun)等(deng)，我(wo)們(men)認(ren)為(wei)針(zhen)對(dui)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)可(ke)采(cai)取(qu)下(xia)列(lie)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)對(dui)策(ce)來(lai)減(jian)輕(qing)變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)諧(xie)波(bo)幹(gan)擾(rao)及(ji)危(wei)害(hai)。

(1)首shou先xian在zai變bian頻pin器qi的de選xuan擇ze上shang，要yao選xuan擇ze那na些xie輸shu入ru輸shu出chu側ce諧xie波bo含han量liang尤you其qi是shi低di次ci諧xie波bo含han量liang少shao的de變bian頻pin器qi，比bi如ru選xuan擇ze那na些xie輸shu人ren整zheng流liu部bu分fen采cai用yong多duo脈mai衝chong整zheng流liu電dian路lu輸shu出chu逆ni變bian部bu分fen采cai用yong調tiao製zhi方fang式shi的de變bian頻pin器qi。

工gong廠chang企qi業ye的de供gong用yong電dian係xi統tong來lai講jiang，要yao對dui廠chang內nei所suo用yong變bian頻pin器qi的de總zong容rong量liang進jin行xing全quan麵mian考kao慮lv
，使shi變bian頻pin器qi的de總zong容rong量liang與yu廠chang內nei供gong電dian係xi統tong的de總zong容rong量liang相xiang匹pi配pei，使shi廠chang內nei供gong電dian係xi統tong中zhong的de諧xie波bo含han量liang不bu超chao過guo電dian力li係xi統tong諧xie波bo管guan理li暫zan行xing規gui定ding的de規gui定ding。

(3)對(dui)於(yu)大(da)功(gong)率(lv)變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)應(ying)在(zai)電(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)加(jia)裝(zhuang)隔(ge)離(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)，以(yi)減(jian)輕(qing)諧(xie)波(bo)對(dui)電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)汙(wu)染(ran)對(dui)於(yu)電(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)為(wei)防(fang)止(zhi)諧(xie)波(bo)的(de)幹(gan)擾(rao)其(qi)電(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)也(ye)最(zui)好(hao)加(jia)裝(zhuang)隔(ge)離(li)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)。

(4)bianpinqichanshengdexieboganraozhuyaotongguofushedianciganyingjingdianganyinghexianluchuanbodefangshilaiyingxiangheganraodianzishebeiwuxiandiantongxunsheshi。zhenduiganraoxunhaodebutongchuanbofangshikeyicaiqubutongdekangganraocuoshilaijianqingduidianzishebeitongxunshebeideyingxiangheganrao。

(5)在zai測ce量liang接jie有you變bian頻pin器qi的de電dian路lu時shi，為wei減jian少shao測ce量liang誤wu差cha
，在zai測ce量liang儀yi表biao的de選xuan擇ze上shang，最zui好hao根gen據ju測ce量liang電dian壓ya電dian流liu功gong率lv輸shu人ren側ce和he輸shu出chu側ce量liang的de不bu同tong選xuan擇ze不bu同tong的de儀yi表biao儀yi器qi。

變bian壓ya器qi變bian頻pin器qi產chan生sheng的de諧xie波bo會hui增zeng加jia變bian壓ya器qi的de磁ci滯zhi損sun耗hao渦wo流liu損sun耗hao及ji銅tong耗hao，諧xie波bo頻pin次ci越yue高gao損sun耗hao越yue大da，損sun耗hao增zeng大da將jiang引yin起qi變bian壓ya器qi發fa熱re嚴yan重zhong
，加jia重zhong變bian壓ya器qi絕jue緣yuan的de負fu擔dan。變bian頻pin器qi產chan生sheng的de頻pin次ci為wei基ji波bo頻pin率lv倍bei數shu的de諧xie波bo會hui在zai變bian壓ya器qi的de接jie成cheng的de繞rao組zu中zhong形xing成cheng環huan流liu，使shi繞rao組zu過guo載zai。同tong時shi諧xie波bo還hai會hui使shi變bian壓ya器qi的de噪zao聲sheng增zeng大da。

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)電(dian)磁(ci)性(xing)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)感(gan)應(ying)型(xing)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)繼(ji)電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)整(zheng)流(liu)型(xing)繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)電(dian)纜(lan)內(nei)流(liu)動(dong)不(bu)僅(jin)會(hui)引(yin)起(qi)電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)附(fu)加(jia)損(sun)耗(hao)

，還(hai)會(hui)使(shi)電(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)形(xing)出(chu)現(xian)尖(jian)峰(feng)，損(sun)害(hai)電(dian)纜(lan)
，從(cong)而(er)加(jia)速(su)電(dian)纜(lan)絕(jue)緣(yuan)的(de)老(lao)化(hua)
，電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)高(gao)，諧(xie)波(bo)危(wei)害(hai)越(yue)大(da)若(ruo)流(liu)過(guo)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)中(zhong)含(han)有(you)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)諧(xie)波(bo)
，在(zai)電(dian)流(liu)過(guo)零(ling)點(dian)時(shi)的(de)可(ke)能(neng)比(bi)正(zheng)常(chang)值(zhi)大(da)得(de)多(duo)，這(zhe)樣(yang)就(jiu)會(hui)使(shi)斷(duan)路(lu)器(qi)的(de)開(kai)斷(duan)能(neng)力(li)降(jiang)低(di)，其(qi)觸(chu)頭(tou)的(de)燒(shao)損(sun)機(ji)會(hui)大(da)為(wei)增(zeng)加(jia)。

xieboshidianlidianrongqichanshengewaidesunhao
，tongshixieboshidianyaboxingjibianchanshengjianfengdianya
，sunhaidianrongqidejueyuan。ruobianpinqichanshengdexiebopinlvyudianrongqihexitongdeqitabufengouchengdechuanlianhuobinglianxiezhenhuiludexiezhenpinlvxiangdenghuoxiangjiejinshijiuhuichuxianxiezhen
，shidianrongqibunengzhengchangyunxing
，guorehuosunhuai。xieboshidiandongjidetiehaotonghaohefujiasunhaozengda
，tongshixiebodianliuliurudiandongjihuiyinqidiandongjidefujiazhuanju，fujiazhuanjuhuishidiandongjichanshengjixiezhendonghezaosheng

，jixiezhendongduidiandongjidesunhaishifeichangdade，tajiangyanzhongyingxiangdiandongjideshouming。

dangliuguojidianqixianquandedianliuhanyouxiebodianliushi，yujidianqidedongzuolijuchengzhengbijiangshibaohanjibozaineidegecixiebodianliudeyouxiaozhi，zheyangdangxiebodianliuchaoguoyidingzhishijiuhuiyingxiangjidianqidedongzuozhi，yibanlaijiang，youyudiancixingjidianqideguanxingbijiaoda，zhiyaoxiebodianliudehanliangbuchaoguoyibanyingxiangbuda。

感gan應ying型xing繼ji電dian器qi是shi根gen據ju電dian磁ci感gan應ying原yuan理li來lai推tui動dong圓yuan盤pan或huo圓yuan筒tong轉zhuan動dong而er工gong作zuo的de。當dang流liu過guo繼ji電dian器qi線xian圈quan的de電dian流liu含han有you諧xie波bo電dian流liu時shi，圓yuan盤pan或huo圓yuan筒tong的de轉zhuan動dong將jiang會hui抖dou動dong，但dan因yin轉zhuan動dong部bu分fen的de慣guan性xing比bi較jiao大da
，一yi般ban不bu會hui造zao成cheng明ming顯xian的de影ying響xiang。

整zheng流liu型xing繼ji電dian器qi比bi電dian磁ci型xing或huo感gan應ying型xing繼ji電dian器qi容rong易yi受shou諧xie波bo的de影ying響xiang

，由you於yu整zheng流liu繼ji電dian器qi的de種zhong類lei較jiao多duo，原yuan理li各ge不bu相xiang同tong，受shou諧xie波bo影ying響xiang的de程cheng度du不bu一yi樣yang，象xiang反fan映ying瞬shun時shi值zhi的de繼ji電dian器qi增zeng量liang型xing繼ji電dian器qi應ying用yong積ji分fen比bi相xiang原yuan理li構gou成cheng的de高gao頻pin差cha相xiang保bao護hu和he差cha動dong保bao護hu裝zhuang置zhi容rong易yi受shou到dao諧xie波bo的de影ying響xiang。

數字式繼電器及微機保護裝置電磁式數字式繼電器及微機保護裝置的算法依賴於采樣數據及過零
，容易受諧波幹擾的影響。

儀yi表biao電dian磁ci式shi儀yi表biao的de指zhi針zhen偏pian轉zhuan角jiao是shi與yu線xian圈quan內nei通tong人ren的de電dian流liu的de有you效xiao值zhi的de平ping方fang成cheng正zheng比bi的de。對dui電dian磁ci示shi電dian流liu表biao來lai說shuo，若ruo流liu入ru表biao的de電dian流liu含han有you諧xie波bo
，則ze其qi測ce量liang結jie果guo為wei包bao含han諧xie波bo電dian流liu在zai內nei的de總zong電dian流liu的de有you效xiao值zhi對dui電dian磁ci式shi電dian壓ya表biao來lai說shuo，由you於yu表biao的de電dian壓ya線xian圈quan匝za數shu較jiao多duo，電dian感gan量liang較jiao大da，故gu流liu經jing線xian圈quan的de高gao次ci諧xie波bo電dian流liu不bu大da
，因yin此ci既ji使shi所suo測ce電dian壓ya含han有you諧xie波bo其qi測ce量liang結jie果guo仍reng接jie近jin於yu基ji波bo值zhi。

繼(ji)電(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)測(ce)量(liang)儀(yi)表(biao)整(zheng)流(liu)式(shi)儀(yi)表(biao)是(shi)將(jiang)被(bei)測(ce)的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)量(liang)整(zheng)流(liu)成(cheng)直(zhi)流(liu)後(hou)再(zai)由(you)電(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)儀(yi)表(biao)進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)的(de)，這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)磁(ci)式(shi)儀(yi)表(biao)指(zhi)儀(yi)表(biao)針(zhen)的(de)偏(pian)轉(zhuan)角(jiao)是(shi)與(yu)被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)成(cheng)正(zheng)比(bi)的(de)，由(you)於(yu)正(zheng)弦(xian)量(liang)的(de)波(bo)形(xing)係(xi)數(shu)(有效值與平均值之比)為常數
，因此這種儀表的刻度可按比例刻成有效侄。(http://www.diangon.com版權所有)但dan用yong此ci表biao測ce非fei正zheng弦xian量liang時shi
，由you於yu正zheng弦xian量liang的de波bo形xing係xi數shu與yu非fei正zheng弦xian量liang的de波bo形xing係xi數shu是shi不bu相xiang同tong的de
，因yin此ci用yong整zheng流liu式shi儀yi表biao測ce量liang非fei正zheng弦xian量liang時shi，就jiu平ping均jun值zhi而er言yan是shi準zhun確que的de，但dan其qi指zhi針zhen數shu不bu一yi定ding準zhun確que。

熱(re)電(dian)式(shi)儀(yi)表(biao)是(shi)使(shi)被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過(guo)熱(re)絲(si)，根(gen)據(ju)熱(re)絲(si)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)來(lai)進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)的(de)
，其(qi)測(ce)量(liang)結(jie)果(guo)與(yu)被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)流(liu)儀(yi)表(biao)的(de)平(ping)方(fang)成(cheng)正(zheng)比(bi)
，因(yin)此(ci)這(zhe)種(zhong)儀(yi)表(biao)在(zai)測(ce)量(liang)非(fei)正(zheng)弦(xian)量(liang)時(shi)其(qi)測(ce)量(liang)結(jie)果(guo)為(wei)包(bao)含(han)諧(xie)波(bo)電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)內(nei)的(de)被(bei)測(ce)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)有(you)效(xiao)值(zhi)。

電dian動dong式shi儀yi表biao數shu字zi電dian壓ya表biao電dian子zi設she備bei這zhe種zhong儀yi表biao主zhu要yao用yong於yu測ce量liang電dian功gong率lv，由you於yu高gao次ci諧xie波bo電dian流liu與yu基ji波bo電dian壓ya乘cheng箕ji的de平ping均jun值zhi為wei零ling，因yin此ci這zhe種zhong儀yi表biao的de指zhi針zhen偏pian角jiao隻zhi和he有you功gong功gong率lv(基波電流的功率成政比
，其受諧波的影響不大。

數shu字zi電dian壓ya表biao是shi通tong過guo對dui被bei測ce電dian壓ya進jin行xing采cai樣yang和he模mo數shu轉zhuan換huan來lai進jin行xing測ce量liang的de
，它ta的de采cai樣yang元yuan件jian和he模mo數shu轉zhuan換huan元yuan件jian的de工gong作zuo頻pin率lv都dou是shi按an工gong頻pin電dian壓ya來lai設she計ji的de，其qi所suo采cai樣yang都dou是shi係xi列lie脈mai衝chong的de峰feng值zhi。若ruo用yong數shu字zi電dian壓ya表biao測ce量liang變bian頻pin器qi的de輸shu出chu側ce電dian壓ya，由you於yu變bian頻pin器qi的de輸shu出chu電dian壓ya是shi經jing卜bu調tiao製zhi過guo的de係xi列lie脈mai衝chong波bo，電dian壓ya的de平ping均jun值zhi是shi通tong過guo改gai變bian脈mai衝chong間jian的de占zhan空kong比bi來lai進jin行xing調tiao節jie的de，的de調tiao製zhi頻pin率lv為wei一yi這zhe樣yang就jiu會hui造zao成cheng數shu字zi電dian壓ya表biao的de采cai樣yang和he模mo數shu轉zhuan換huan工gong作zuo的de紊wen亂luan，因yin而er在zai這zhe種zhong情qing況kuang下xia的de測ce量liang是shi不bu準zhun確que的de。

當(dang)變(bian)頻(pin)調(tiao)速(su)係(xi)統(tong)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)足(zu)夠(gou)大(da)時(shi)，所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)高(gao)頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過(guo)輻(fu)射(she)電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)靜(jing)電(dian)感(gan)應(ying)線(xian)路(lu)傳(chuan)播(bo)的(de)方(fang)式(shi)對(dui)周(zhou)圍(wei)各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)形(xing)成(cheng)幹(gan)擾(rao)，如(ru)影(ying)響(xiang)無(wu)線(xian)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)接(jie)受(shou)，影(ying)響(xiang)周(zhou)圍(wei)電(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)工(gong)作(zuo)
，使(shi)他(ta)們(men)誤(wu)接(jie)受(shou)信(xin)號(hao)而(er)產(chan)生(sheng)誤(wu)動(dong)作(zuo)
，或(huo)影(ying)響(xiang)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)電(dian)路(lu)的(de)檢(jian)測(ce)而(er)引(yin)起(qi)錯(cuo)誤(wu)判(pan)斷(duan)等(deng)。