國際工程合同談判中的法律風險及應對

有關開工和竣工日期的條款
​
在(zai)一(yi)般(ban)的(de)世(shi)界(jie)合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)
，合(he)同(tong)的(de)收(shou)效(xiao)並(bing)不(bu)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhe)承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)需(xu)求(qiu)當(dang)即(ji)開(kai)工(gong)，開(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)需(xu)到(dao)達(da)一(yi)係(xi)列(lie)的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)才(cai)可(ke)收(shou)效(xiao)。因(yin)此(ci)，合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)關(guan)於(yu)開(kai)工(gong)令(ling)收(shou)效(xiao)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)非(fei)常(chang)重(zhong)要。因為在合同收效前，或許會呈現一些影響實踐開工日期的晦氣因素

，如業主未完成各類答應的辦理
、進(jin)場(chang)條(tiao)件(jian)未(wei)滿(man)意(yi)等(deng)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)。因(yin)此(ci)，承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)在(zai)與(yu)業(ye)主(zhu)進(jin)行(xing)合(he)同(tong)商(shang)洽(qia)時(shi)，應(ying)盡(jin)或(huo)許(xu)地(di)細(xi)化(hua)開(kai)工(gong)令(ling)的(de)收(shou)效(xiao)條(tiao)件(jian)，並(bing)規(gui)則(ze)詳(xiang)細(xi)的(de)開(kai)工(gong)日(ri)期(qi)為(wei)開(kai)工(gong)令(ling)收(shou)效(xiao)條(tiao)件(jian)到(dao)達(da)日(ri)期(qi)，工(gong)期(qi)也(ye)自(zi)此(ci)時(shi)起(qi)算(suan)。可(ke)詳(xiang)細(xi)為(wei)：業(ye)主(zhu)向(xiang)承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)發(fa)布(bu)開(kai)工(gong)令(ling)前(qian)，應(ying)保(bao)證(zheng)己(ji)方(fang)已(yi)獲(huo)得(de)場(chang)所(suo)的(de)實(shi)踐(jian)占(zhan)有(you)，即(ji)已(yi)獲(huo)得(de)建(jian)造(zao)用(yong)地(di)使(shi)用(yong)權(quan)或(huo)所(suo)有(you)權(quan)，且(qie)已(yi)獲(huo)得(de)政(zheng)府(fu)的(de)建(jian)造(zao)答(da)應(ying)，並(bing)及(ji)時(shi)向(xiang)承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)移(yi)送(song)場(chang)所(suo);應向承包商付出約好的預付款;yingqingxiqubieyouxiankaigonglinghezhengshikaigongling
，jiangzhengshikaigonglingzuoweizhengshikaigongderiqi。yishangtiaokuannenggouxuejianchengbaoshangkaigongshideweixian
，fangzhiqianqiyinkaigongyanwudaozhidegongqiyanzhongheyanqidewenti。

有關竣工檢驗以及接納證書的條款

在合同商洽進程中，承包商應與業主清晰簽發接納證書的前提條件以及程序。

congshitijiaoduchufa
，jungongceshishiyezhuqianfajienazhengshuqianbibukeshaodejincheng
，yincihetongfujianzhongyingduijungongshidegexiangzhibiaocanshuzuochuxiangjinguize
，bingyuehaogongchengjungonghouyoudisanfangduiqijinxinggongnengceshi，jianyanhegehouyezhufangxiangchengbaoshangchujujienazhengshu。zaimouxiechanghezhong
，yezhuhuoxuhuiyaoqiuchengbaoshangchuyingmanyihetongguizedebiyaogongnengcanshuwai，haiyingdaodaPPA協xie議yi中zhong規gui則ze的de商shang業ye運yun行xing要yao求qiu，完wan成cheng並bing網wang後hou方fang可ke簽qian發fa接jie納na證zheng書shu。因yin此ci，承cheng包bao商shang應ying更geng慎shen重zhong地di對dui待dai此ci類lei條tiao款kuan
，防fang止zhi在zai項xiang目mu的de後hou期qi階jie段duan合he同tong難nan以yi收shou尾wei。在zai承cheng包bao商shang獲huo得de接jie納na證zheng書shu後hou
，兩liang邊bian權quan力li義yi務wu產chan生sheng搬ban運yun。自zi此ci，除chu因yin如ru工gong程cheng質zhi量liang不bu達da標biao等deng承cheng包bao商shang本ben身shen原yuan因yin導dao致zhi工gong程cheng缺que點dian的de狀zhuang況kuang外wai，工gong程cheng由you業ye主zhu負fu保bao管guan職zhi責ze。

從cong程cheng序xu角jiao度du出chu發fa
，合he同tong中zhong還hai應ying規gui則ze業ye主zhu需xu在zai承cheng包bao商shang向xiang其qi提ti交jiao竣jun工gong檢jian驗yan申shen請qing的de固gu定ding期qi限xian內nei及ji時shi作zuo出chu答da複fu，不bu然ran視shi為wei默mo示shi承cheng受shou
，若ruo因yin業ye主zhu的de原yuan因yin導dao致zhi竣jun工gong延yan遲chi的de，承cheng包bao商shang有you權quan向xiang業ye主zhu索suo賠pei的de條tiao款kuan
，以yi規gui避bi業ye主zhu回hui絕jue頒ban發fa接jie納na證zheng書shu帶dai來lai的de危wei險xian。此ci外wai，兩liang邊bian應ying在zai合he同tong中zhong嚴yan厲li區qu別bie瑕xia疵ci和he嚴yan重zhong缺que點dian的de邊bian界jie，竣jun工gong檢jian驗yan不bu合he格ge的de原yuan因yin應ying為wei嚴yan重zhong缺que點dian或huo與yu合he同tong規gui則ze的de功gong能neng嚴yan重zhong不bu符fu，而er不bu能neng因yin工gong程cheng存cun在zai瑕xia疵ci或huo缺que點dian就jiu回hui絕jue向xiang承cheng包bao商shang出chu具ju接jie納na證zheng書shu。

有關保函的條款

在合同商洽階段，業主和承包商必然會對預付款保函、履約保函、zhibaojinbaohandengdanbaotiaokuanjinxingcuoshang。yilvyuebaohanweili


，fenweiwutiaojianlvyuebaohanheyoutiaojianlvyuebaohan。wutiaojianlvyuebaohanguanyuchengbaoshanglaishuo，cunzaihuoxuhuibeiyezhueyiliyongdefalingweixian

，jiyezhunenggouzaiwuxuzhengmingchengbaoshangchacuodezhuangkuangxiameishouchengbaoshangtijiaodelvyuebaohan。yinci，chengbaoshangyingjinhuoxuzhengduoyoutiaojianqiechenmodelvyuebaohan，huozheyaoqiuyezhugonggeixiangyingdefuchudanbaozuoweibaozhang。qingxikouchuhuomeishoulvyuebaohandechengxuyaoqiuhebenzhiyaoqiu，duilvyuebaohanqixianjiyanshen、因差錯而扣除保函的份額
、開釋保函的條件等條款作出詳盡的說明。此外，還能夠經過設定保函遞減條款、挑選中資銀行境外機構開設的保函來削減承包商一方的危險。

在(zai)項(xiang)目(mu)竣(jun)工(gong)移(yi)送(song)後(hou)，因(yin)為(wei)還(hai)存(cun)在(zai)必(bi)定(ding)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)期(qi)
，業(ye)主(zhu)也(ye)會(hui)要(yao)求(qiu)承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)開(kai)具(ju)質(zhi)保(bao)金(jin)保(bao)函(han)，質(zhi)保(bao)金(jin)保(bao)函(han)的(de)期(qi)限(xian)應(ying)與(yu)質(zhi)保(bao)期(qi)保(bao)持(chi)一(yi)致(zhi)。但(dan)在(zai)某(mou)些(xie)世(shi)界(jie)合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)，業(ye)主(zhu)或(huo)許(xu)並(bing)不(bu)要(yao)求(qiu)質(zhi)保(bao)金(jin)保(bao)函(han)
，而(er)直(zhi)接(jie)要(yao)求(qiu)履(lv)約(yue)保(bao)函(han)的(de)期(qi)限(xian)延(yan)伸(shen)至(zhi)質(zhi)保(bao)期(qi)滿(man)後(hou)才(cai)開(kai)釋(shi)。一(yi)般(ban)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)下(xia)
，履(lv)約(yue)保(bao)函(han)與(yu)質(zhi)保(bao)金(jin)保(bao)函(han)在(zai)合(he)同(tong)金(jin)額(e)中(zhong)的(de)占(zhan)比(bi)相(xiang)差(cha)較(jiao)大(da)，因(yin)此(ci)承(cheng)包(bao)商(shang)應(ying)特(te)別(bie)注(zhu)意(yi)該(gai)類(lei)會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)履(lv)約(yue)保(bao)函(han)期(qi)限(xian)過(guo)長(chang)的(de)條(tiao)款(kuan)。

有關索賠和改變的條款

zaishijiehetongtiaokuanzhong，yaoqingxibuchangtiaokuanhesuopeidequbie。shishishang，zaixianzaizhuliudeshijiehetongzhong，daduozhiguizelesuopeitiaokuan
，bingjiangyixiefeichacuodeshiqingyenarulesuopeichengxuzhong。zaifalishang
，suopeidewanchengjichuzaiyuduiliangbiandeweiyuehuoqinquandengchacuoxingweideyizhongchengfaxingshouduan。ranerzaishijianshang，gongqideyanshenhefeiyongdegaibianbingbubiranyouliangbianchacuodaozhi
，yeyouhuoxushiyinweiwufayujianqiewufafangzhideshiqingsuoyinfadebukekangli，daozhichengbaoshangzaibidingqixianneiwufachixushigong。

zaizhezhongzhuangkuangxia，liangbianyingduibukekanglizuochuxiangxidedingyi，bingjinhuoxuliemingbukekanglizhongbaohandanbuxianyudeyixiexiangxishiqing，tebieshiyixiexiangduimohushiqingshifouxianyimanyibukekanglidegouchengyaojian，rujiangshuiliangdeduoshao、暴雨等級、zhengfudetingchantingyelingdengjunkezuoweicanzhaodezhibiao。jinnianlai，yinweishouxinguanyiqingdeyingxiang，xuduodongdaoguohaiguanduizhongguojinkoudeshebeiyijizhongguojilaogongdeqianzhengdoujinxingleyanlideshufu，zhengfudexingzhengqiangzhizhilingshifougouchengbukekanglishiqingzhidejinxingtaolun。yinci，chengbaoshangyingzaihetongshangqiaqianshuxidongdaoguodefalingfagui，zuodaohetongshangqiashinenggoulipaizhongyi。

在程序上，兩邊應對不可抗力告訴的提交期限、證明不可抗力產生的相關資料進行束縛和規則。若一方不承受對方提出的不可抗力，應經過爭端裁決委員會(DAB)友愛洽談處理或提交世界裁定庭進行裁決。兩邊可在合同中規則DAB是裁定的前置程序
，盡或許經過DAB處理爭端
，以削減不必要的訴訟成本。

此外
，EPC合同的項目工期和合同金額往往是固定的，但這並不意味著合同在實行階段就不會產生改變，如因設計更改、bukeyujianyinsuerdaozhidegaibiandeng，yezhujinenggouxiangchengbaoshangzuochuwuchacuodegaibianzhiling，yenenggouxiangchengbaoshangzuochuyinqichacuoerdaozhidejiucuozhiling。jinguanzaishijiancaozuozhongbingmeiyouqingxiqubiezheliangzhongleixingdezhiling，danruguoshiwuchacuodegaibianzhiling

，yibanyouyezhufanggeiyuchengbaoshangbidingdebuchang。jianyiliangbianzaihetongshangqiazhongguanyugaibiandechengxu、zenmehesuanyingaibianyinqiderencaijifeiyongbianhua
，yijiyanchijiaogeihuoxuyinqidediushidouzuochuxiangxideguize，chengbaoshangyingzhengduozaibidingtiaojianxiahuijuechengshoubuhelidegaibianzhilingdequanli。

關於背靠背協議的條款

因為在世界工程中標後，業主和承包商需求在較短的時刻(通常為1個月)內nei到dao達da合he同tong協xie議yi，承cheng包bao商shang往wang往wang會hui挑tiao選xuan在zai中zhong標biao前qian就jiu與yu各ge分fen包bao商shang到dao達da附fu條tiao件jian收shou效xiao的de合he同tong
，一yi旦dan主zhu合he同tong成cheng立li，該gai分fen包bao合he同tong也ye隨sui之zhi成cheng立li。因yin此ci
，必bi須xu要yao清qing晰xi背bei靠kao背bei協xie議yi中zhong的de附fu條tiao件jian和he附fu期qi限xian條tiao款kuan。

weibaozhengfenbaoshangkeshouzongbaohetongdeguize
，weihuzongbaofangdeliyi
，yingzaibeikaobeixieyizhongtebiezhuyiyouguanzhizebanyundetiaokuan，jiruoyinfenbaoshangyuanyincidaozhidegongchengzhiliangchengxianxiacihuoquedian，zaiyezhuxiangchengbaoshangzhuichanghou，chengbaoshangkexiangfenbaoshangzhuichang。beikaobeixieyizhonghaiyingyaoqiufenbaoshangxiangzongbaoyegonggeixiangyingdelvyuebaohan、質保金保函等擔保，分包商供給的保函期限及金額應與主合同的保函期限與金額相匹配。此外，在背靠背協議中，當債務人(如承包商)怠於行使其到期債權時，債權人(如分包商)是否能行使其代位求償權向次債務人(如業主)追(zhui)償(chang)，各(ge)國(guo)對(dui)該(gai)條(tiao)的(de)規(gui)則(ze)各(ge)不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)
，兩(liang)邊(bian)可(ke)在(zai)了(le)解(jie)所(suo)在(zai)國(guo)法(fa)令(ling)後(hou)在(zai)合(he)同(tong)條(tiao)款(kuan)中(zhong)加(jia)以(yi)束(shu)縛(fu)。背(bei)靠(kao)背(bei)協(xie)議(yi)的(de)目(mu)的(de)在(zai)於(yu)能(neng)夠(gou)使(shi)得(de)總(zong)包(bao)方(fang)和(he)分(fen)包(bao)方(fang)成(cheng)為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)利(li)益(yi)一(yi)起(qi)體(ti)，以(yi)此(ci)來(lai)一(yi)起(qi)推(tui)進(jin)項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)順(shun)暢(chang)施(shi)行(xing)。

關於因業主原因此暫停施工或停止合同的條款

承cheng包bao商shang出chu於yu對dui本ben身shen權quan力li的de維wei護hu
，在zai合he同tong商shang洽qia中zhong應ying當dang清qing晰xi，若ruo業ye主zhu因yin其qi本ben身shen原yuan因yin無wu法fa按an時shi向xiang承cheng包bao商shang付fu出chu月yue進jin展zhan款kuan或huo節jie點dian款kuan，導dao致zhi承cheng包bao商shang因yin無wu法fa按an時shi收shou到dao付fu款kuan而er產chan生sheng的de誤wu工gong或huo罷ba工gong


，承cheng包bao商shang能neng夠gou采cai取qu合he理li的de措cuo施shi來lai保bao障zhang自zi己ji的de權quan益yi，如ru采cai取qu向xiang業ye主zhu索suo賠pei因yin暫zan停ting導dao致zhi的de工gong期qi延yan誤wu
、人員設備窩工費、yaoqiugaibianhetongdezongjinedeng。chengbaoshangyingzaiheliqixianneixiangyezhutichusuopei

，yezhuyeyingzaiheliqixianneizuochudafu

，ruoyezhujubudafuhuoyouyiyanchihuifuchengbaoshangdeheliyaoqiu，nenggoushiweiqimoshichengshouchengbaoshangdesuopeiyaoqiu。dangyanchifukuanxianyidaodabidingfene
，chengbaoshangbianjuyoudanfangmiantingzhihetongdequanli，qietingzhihetongbingbuyingxiangqizaihetongzhongxiangyoudeqitaquanli，ruzaihetongtingzhihoujinxingsuopei、扣kou除chu付fu出chu擔dan保bao等deng。兩liang邊bian還hai應ying對dui在zai合he同tong中zhong的de丟diu失shi進jin行xing清qing晰xi的de定ding義yi
，即ji是shi否fou僅jin僅jin能neng夠gou索suo賠pei因yin合he同tong終zhong結jie而er造zao成cheng的de直zhi接jie丟diu失shi，還hai是shi也ye能neng夠gou對dui直zhi接jie丟diu失shi(預期可得利益)進行索賠

，各國對此的規則各不相同，細化該條款有利於削減兩邊未來或許產生的爭議。

因為世界工程合同觸及的範疇廣、專zhuan業ye性xing強qiang，且qie合he同tong條tiao款kuan之zhi間jian又you存cun在zai緊jin密mi的de相xiang關guan，因yin此ci
，承cheng包bao商shang應ying加jia強qiang內nei部bu間jian的de相xiang互hu溝gou通tong和he合he作zuo，讓rang各ge方fang都dou能neng參can與yu到dao前qian期qi的de合he同tong商shang洽qia之zhi中zhong。承cheng包bao商shang也ye能neng夠gou聘pin用yong在zai世shi界jie工gong程cheng範fan疇chou有you豐feng富fu經jing曆li的de律lv所suo對dui合he同tong進jin行xing把ba關guan

，這zhe樣yang能neng夠gou在zai商shang洽qia階jie段duan及ji時shi發fa現xian合he同tong的de危wei險xian點dian並bing提ti出chu相xiang應ying的de處chu理li方fang案an

，防fang止zhi因yin合he同tong中zhong的de晦hui氣qi條tiao款kuan
，導dao致zhi其qi在zai履lv約yue階jie段duan處chu於yu晦hui氣qi的de法fa令ling地di位wei。