開發激光監控垂直吊裝的新一代起重機

 

    文章所討論的起重機係指流動式起重機或吊車，包括履帶起重機、汽車起重機、luntaiqizhongjidengbenwenlunshujiankongchuizhidiaozhuangshikaifaxinyidaiqizhongjideshouyaomubiao，zhongdianfenxiqizhongjitaidiaodeweixianlaizidayangjiaoxiadebuchuizhidiaozhuang，yijijiyuhengtaidiaolidiaozhuangyoushiqianzhandifenxilechuizhidiaozhuangshishixianqizhongjihengtaidiaolidiaozhuangdexianjuetiaojian
，tongshijieshaoyishenqingzhuanlidejiguangjiankongqizhongjichuizhidiaozhuangdeergefangan。

 

    1監控垂直吊裝是開發新一代起重機的首要目標1.1垂直吊裝是起重機安全作業基本要求起重機穩定性差其吊鉤偏角不得超過3haiyoudiaogoubuchuizhiqidiaozhongwubaidongkenengshangjizhouweishebeiherenyuan，youqishidayangjiaoxiadebuchuizhitaidiaopohuaileqizhongjizaihedezhengchangfenpei
，guchuizhidiaozhuangshiqizhongjianquanzuoyedejibenyaoqiu，ranerqizhongjizishenquemeiyouchuizhidiaozhuangdexianshi
、監視設置以至於起重機司機無法判斷單機滑移法或旋轉法吊裝以及雙機、三機吊裝時其吊鉤是否處於垂直狀態而要由吊裝指揮者，依據監視被吊重物垂直吊裝者提供的信息指揮司機操縱既不及時又不準確。

 

    1.2qizhongjitaidiaodeweixianlaizidayangjiaoxiadebuchuizhidiaozhuangyouyufujitaisongsuduyuzhujitishengsuduzhibizhi
，yijusuduanyingdingliyingdengyuzhujiyufujidiaodianjianlianxiandexielv（斜率）才能實現垂直吊裝若此時仰角為77，則輔機抬送速度與主機提升速度之比值高達433，且吊裝中斜率不斷改變，因而沒有主
、輔機間的密切配合是難以實現垂直吊裝
；同時主、輔機吊鉤產生的（主、輔機間）偏角大小與主
、輔機各自承擔的載荷成反比若主、輔機各自承擔載荷為6：1
，當主機吊鉤偏角滯後0.5（尚不易覺察），而輔機吊鉤偏角竟超前3
，從吊裝數學模型看起重機不垂直吊裝的風險可知若按此時仰角為77計算輔機承擔的載荷竟是吊鉤偏角0時的1.297倍(bei)故(gu)大(da)仰(yang)角(jiao)下(xia)的(de)不(bu)垂(chui)直(zhi)抬(tai)吊(diao)破(po)壞(huai)了(le)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)載(zai)荷(he)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)分(fen)配(pei)
，因(yin)而(er)抬(tai)吊(diao)是(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)危(wei)險(xian)的(de)作(zuo)業(ye)，對(dui)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)指(zhi)揮(hui)及(ji)司(si)機(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)都(dou)比(bi)較(jiao)高(gao)。國(guo)外(wai)有(you)些(xie)工(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)對(dui)於(yu)雙(shuang)機(ji)抬(tai)吊(diao)作(zuo)業(ye)是(shi)持(chi)否(fou)定(ding)態(tai)度(du)的(de)“。

 

    1.3垂直吊裝是實現起重機恒抬吊力吊裝的先決條件1.3.1恒抬吊力吊裝及其優勢依據受力明確且普遍適用的
、反映吊裝力三要素間關係的
、起重吊裝受力控製的數學模型，起重機抬吊的吊點載荷變化原因之一是被吊重物重心偏離三吊點確定的平麵（吊點平麵）變化的原因之二是不垂直吊裝，因而三吊點與被吊重物重心共麵設置
、加jia上shang垂chui直zhi吊diao裝zhuang就jiu是shi實shi現xian吊diao點dian載zai荷he不bu變bian的de恒heng抬tai吊diao力li吊diao裝zhuang必bi要yao充chong分fen條tiao件jian。為wei了le二er主zhu機ji間jian抬tai吊diao力li的de均jun衡heng分fen配pei，目mu前qian在zai大da型xing吊diao裝zhuang中zhong的de普pu遍bian作zuo法fa是shi設she平ping衡heng梁liang二er主zhu機ji規gui格ge不bu同tong時shi還hai要yao設she分fen配pei梁liang，使shi吊diao裝zhuang高gao度du大da，由you於yu恒heng抬tai吊diao力li吊diao裝zhuang各ge吊diao點dian載zai荷he不bu變bian無wu需xu設she置zhi平ping衡heng梁liang
、分配梁，使起重吊裝高度大幅度下降（以百米高塔的二主機與輔機遞送吊裝為例采用平衡梁時主機吊裝高度顯然超過百米而恒抬吊力吊裝時主機吊裝高度隻需略高於塔體重心）且“吊(diao)車(che)抬(tai)吊(diao)法(fa)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)工(gong)藝(yi)是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)主(zhu)吊(diao)車(che)或(huo)雙(shuang)主(zhu)吊(diao)車(che)提(ti)升(sheng)臥(wo)置(zhi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)上(shang)部(bu)

，同(tong)時(shi)采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)輔(fu)助(zhu)吊(diao)車(che)或(huo)雙(shuang)輔(fu)助(zhu)吊(diao)車(che)抬(tai)送(song)設(she)備(bei)下(xia)部(bu)。當(dang)設(she)備(bei)仰(yang)角(jiao)達(da)到(dao)7075時<輔助吊車鬆吊鉤”，因而需由主機承擔全部吊重而恒抬力吊裝由主、輔機或雙主機與輔機共同承擔吊重故有望成倍降低主機規格。

 

    132chuizhidiaozhuangshishixianqizhongjihengtaidiaolidiaozhuangdexianjuetiaojianshoulimingquedesandiaodianyubeidiaozhongwuzhongxingongmianshezhijiashangchuizhidiaozhuangjiushishixianhengtaidiaolidiaozhuangdebiyaochongfentiaojiansandiaodianyubeidiaozhongwuzhongxingongmianshezhibunan，diaodianshezhihoushangketongguoshidiaocedingdeyouguanshuju，jisuanchuzhongwuzhongxinzhidiaodianpingmiandeshuzhi，zaiyuyitiaozhenggufangfajiandanqiekekao；因yin而er實shi現xian垂chui直zhi吊diao裝zhuang，尤you其qi是shi實shi現xian大da仰yang角jiao下xia的de垂chui直zhi吊diao裝zhuang，成cheng為wei實shi施shi恒heng抬tai吊diao力li吊diao裝zhuang的de全quan部bu難nan點dian。起qi重zhong機ji多duo吊diao點dian轉zhuan恒heng抬tai吊diao力li遞di送song吊diao裝zhuang法fa的de發fa明ming專zhuan利li*近(jin)獲(huo)得(de)授(shou)權(quan)這(zhe)是(shi)恒(heng)抬(tai)吊(diao)力(li)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)係(xi)列(lie)中(zhong)的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)
，標(biao)誌(zhi)著(zhe)吊(diao)點(dian)載(zai)荷(he)始(shi)絡(luo)不(bu)變(bian)的(de)恒(heng)抬(tai)吊(diao)力(li)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)方(fang)案(an)取(qu)得(de)認(ren)可(ke)。恒(heng)抬(tai)吊(diao)力(li)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)雖(sui)有(you)諸(zhu)多(duo)優(you)勢(shi)
，但(dan)是(shi)由(you)於(yu)大(da)仰(yang)角(jiao)下(xia)的(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)存(cun)在(zai)巨(ju)大(da)風(feng)險(xian)
，用(yong)現(xian)有(you)的(de)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)是(shi)難(nan)以(yi)實(shi)施(shi)恒(heng)抬(tai)吊(diao)力(li)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)，因(yin)而(er)開(kai)發(fa)新(xin)一(yi)代(dai)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)成(cheng)為(wei)開(kai)發(fa)恒(heng)抬(tai)吊(diao)力(li)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)的(de)先(xian)決(jue)條(tiao)件(jian)。

 

    2激光監控起重機垂直吊裝的二個方案2.1設起重機垂直吊裝激光監視裝置監控起重機垂起重機垂直吊裝激光監視裝置的作法是：首shou先xian在zai與yu起qi重zhong機ji提ti升sheng滑hua輪lun組zu定ding滑hua輪lun並bing排pai的de起qi重zhong機ji臂bi杆gan上shang端duan安an設she經jing球qiu絞jiao聯lian接jie的de激ji光guang發fa生sheng器qi，由you於yu在zai激ji光guang發fa生sheng器qi自zi重zhong和he球qiu絞jiao自zi動dong調tiao整zheng下xia
，在zai起qi重zhong機ji工gong作zuo期qi間jian始shi絡luo發fa出chu鉛qian垂chui朝chao下xia的de基ji準zhun激ji光guang光guang束shu再zai通tong過guo安an設she的de探tan頭tou；將(jiang)提(ti)升(sheng)滑(hua)輪(lun)組(zu)的(de)提(ti)升(sheng)與(yu)激(ji)光(guang)光(guang)束(shu)畫(hua)麵(mian)，經(jing)具(ju)有(you)單(dan)獨(du)將(jiang)圄(yu)像(xiang)橫(heng)向(xiang)放(fang)大(da)功(gong)能(neng)的(de)專(zhuan)用(yong)計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)軟(ruan)件(jian)顯(xian)示(shi)於(yu)司(si)機(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)台(tai)旁(pang)的(de)屏(ping)幕(mu)上(shang)。由(you)於(yu)單(dan)獨(du)將(jiang)圄(yu)像(xiang)橫(heng)向(xiang)放(fang)大(da)，鉛(qian)垂(chui)的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)方(fang)向(xiang)不(bu)變(bian)，而(er)非(fei)鉛(qian)垂(chui)直(zhi)線(xian)的(de)斜(xie)率(lv)絕(jue)對(dui)值(zhi)則(ze)變(bian)小(xiao)，因(yin)而(er)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)時(shi)司(si)機(ji)可(ke)以(yi)鉛(qian)垂(chui)朝(chao)下(xia)的(de)激(ji)光(guang)光(guang)束(shu)為(wei)基(ji)準(zhun)，參(can)看(kan)提(ti)升(sheng)滑(hua)輪(lun)組(zu)提(ti)升(sheng)繩(sheng)偏(pian)斜(xie)角(jiao)度(du)被(bei)放(fang)大(da)的(de)畫(hua)麵(mian)調(tiao)控(kong)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)消(xiao)除(chu)吊(diao)鉤(gou)偏(pian)角(jiao)實(shi)現(xian)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)的(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)。

 

    2.2設(she)吊(diao)車(che)吊(diao)鉤(gou)偏(pian)角(jiao)激(ji)光(guang)顯(xian)示(shi)與(yu)監(jian)視(shi)設(she)置(zhi)監(jian)控(kong)起(qi)重(zhong)由(you)於(yu)控(kong)製(zhi)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)垂(chui)直(zhi)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)的(de)核(he)心(xin)是(shi)控(kong)製(zhi)其(qi)吊(diao)鉤(gou)的(de)偏(pian)角(jiao)，吊(diao)車(che)吊(diao)鉤(gou)偏(pian)角(jiao)激(ji)光(guang)顯(xian)示(shi)與(yu)監(jian)視(shi)設(she)置(zhi)即(ji)實(shi)現(xian)對(dui)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)吊(diao)鉤(gou)偏(pian)角(jiao)的(de)動(dong)態(tai)顯(xian)示(shi)，在(zai)用(yong)激(ji)光(guang)作(zuo)為(wei)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)垂(chui)直(zhi)吊(diao)裝(zhuang)基(ji)準(zhun)的(de)同(tong)時(shi)又(you)用(yong)激(ji)光(guang)顯(xian)示(shi)起(qi)重(zhong)機(ji)吊(diao)鉤(gou)的(de)偏(pian)斜(xie)直(zhi)觀(guan)、鮮明，並依此控製起重機銷除吊鉤的偏角。其作法是：首先將經球絞連接、始絡發射鉛垂朝上激光光束的基準激光發生器，裝設於與起重機吊鉤相聯的動滑輪護夾板外側的下方位置。

 

    接著將吊鉤偏角激光發生器，裝設於與起重機吊鉤相聯的動滑輪護夾板外側的上方位置
，且滿足起重機吊鉤偏角0時
，吊鉤偏角激光發生器朝下發射（若為蘭色）的激光光束中心線與基準激光發生器鉛垂朝上發射（若為紅色）的激光光束中心線相重合。因而當吊鉤偏角0時紅色與蘭色相混發出紫光，當吊鉤產生偏角時，蘭色激光光束則偏離紅色的基準激光光束紅、蘭分明顯示出偏角的方向和偏斜的程度。

 

    在zai與yu起qi重zhong機ji吊diao鉤gou相xiang聯lian的de動dong滑hua輪lun護hu夾jia板ban外wai側ce，設she置zhi經jing球qiu絞jiao連lian接jie後hou的de無wu線xian攝she像xiang頭tou。在zai起qi重zhong機ji操cao作zuo室shi安an設she無wu線xian接jie收shou機ji將jiang吊diao裝zhuang中zhong顯xian示shi的de激ji光guang圄yu像xiang再zai現xian於yu司si機ji操cao作zuo室shi的de屏ping幕mu上shang，並bing依yi此ci控kong製zhi起qi重zhong機ji銷xiao除chu吊diao鉤gou的de偏pian角jiao。

 

    3開kai發fa激ji光guang監jian視shi垂chui直zhi吊diao裝zhuang的de新xin一yi代dai起qi重zhong機ji鑒jian於yu垂chui直zhi吊diao裝zhuang是shi起qi重zhong機ji安an全quan作zuo業ye
，尤you其qi是shi起qi重zhong機ji抬tai吊diao安an全quan作zuo業ye的de基ji本ben要yao求qiu，又you是shi實shi現xian恒heng抬tai吊diao力li吊diao裝zhuang的de先xian決jue條tiao件jian，因yin此ci有you必bi要yao進jin行xing深shen入ru的de研yan究jiu和he實shi踐jian開kai創chuang出chu既ji適shi合he於yu單dan機ji吊diao裝zhuang作zuo業ye，也ye適shi合he於yu抬tai吊diao作zuo業ye
，並bing有you助zhu於yu吊diao裝zhuang工gong藝yi創chuang新xin用yong激ji光guang監jian視shi垂chui直zhi吊diao裝zhuang的de新xin一yi代dai起qi重zhong機ji。